Soziale Akzeptanz von Neuro-Enhancement an Schweizer Universitäten - Perspektiven über die Anwendung von psychoaktiven Substanzen zur kognitiven Leistungsstei-gerung und Stimmungsaufhellung

Hintergrund: Schweizer Studierende missbrauchen kognitionsansteuernde und stimmungsaufhellende Medikamente und weitere psychoaktive Substanzen für „Hirndoping-Zwecke“. Die Einnahme solcher Mittel ist aufgrund von möglichen Nebenwirkungen und fehlenden Fakten über die Wirksamkeit bei gesunden Personen umstritten. Da schweizweit noch wenig über neuro-ethische Aspekte des „Hirndopings“ bekannt ist, befasst sich diese Studie mit allgemeinen Einstellungen zum Einsatz von Arzneimitteln bei Gesunden und besonders mit Meinungsverschiedenheiten bezüglich „Neuro-Enhancement“ zwischen Konsumierenden und Nichtkonsumierenden solcher Substanzen. Weiter werden Unterschiede in der Risikobereitschaft und der geglaubten Wirksamkeit von „Hirndopingmitteln“ zwischen den genannten Parteien aufgezeigt. Methode: Anhand einer E-Mail wurden alle Institutssekretariate, Fakultäten und Fachschaften der Universitäten Bern und Luzern angeschrieben und eine quantitative Online-Umfrage über das Thema „Hirndoping“ durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die Studienteilnehmenden zeigen beinahe ausnahmslos negative Einstellungen gegenüber „Neuro-Enhancement“ bei gesunden Personen. Weder Konsumierende noch Nichtkonsumierende von verschreibungspflichtigen Medikamenten oder weiteren psychoaktiven Substanzen sind von der Wirkung solcher Mittel bei gesunden Personen überzeugt. Erstere würden aber deutlich mehr Nebenwirkungen auf sich nehmen, um „Hirndoping“ betreiben zu können und sind in den meisten Situationen positiver gegenüber „Neuro-Enhancement“ eingestellt. Prüfungsangst/Leistungsangst wird im Allgemeinen und von Medikamentennutzenden als einer der legitimsten Gründe für die Einnahme von Arzneimitteln angesehen. In der Freizeit entspannen und schnell und effizient arbeiten wird von „Neuro-Enhancer-Nutzenden“ deutlich mehr als akzeptabler Grund angegeben, „Hirndoping“ zu betreiben. Diskussion: „Hirndoping“ ist an den Universitäten Bern und Luzern wenig verbreitet. Besonders die möglichen Gefahren von „Neuro-Enhancement“ beschäftigen die Befragten. Es ist auf die Wichtigkeit weiterführender Forschung in diesem Gebiet hinzuweisen

When one Logic is Not Enough: Integrating First-order Annotations in OWL Ontologies

In ontology development, there is a gap between domain ontologies which mostly use the web ontology language, OWL, and foundational ontologies written in first-order logic, FOL. To bridge this gap, we present Gavel, a tool that supports the development of heterogeneous 'FOWL' ontologies that extend OWL with FOL annotations, and is able to reason over the combined set of axioms. Since FOL annotations are stored in OWL annotations, FOWL ontologies remain compatible with the existing OWL infrastructure. We show that for the OWL domain ontology OBI, the stronger integration with its FOL top-level ontology BFO via our approach enables us to detect several inconsistencies. Furthermore, existing OWL ontologies can benefit from FOL annotations. We illustrate this with FOWL ontologies containing mereotopological axioms that enable new meaningful inferences. Finally, we show that even for large domain ontologies such as ChEBI, automatic reasoning with FOL annotations can be used to detect previously unnoticed errors in the classification

Open Space: Pluriforme Aneignung eines Schweizer Wallfahrtsortes

For centuries, people from Switzerland, Germany and France have been embarking on pilgrimages to the Catholic holy site of Mariastein. In recent decades, however, the streams of visitors have mirrored the religious and social change in Swiss society. The public are becoming increasingly pluralistic and individualised. In the present article, with the help of the concept of "cultural appropriation" by Hans Peter Hahn, the authors demonstrate how it is possible for this new diverse range of visitors to appropriate one and the same place of pilgrimage for themselves

Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Marine Microalga Nannochloropsis SP in Medium Enriched with Magnesium

Micro-algae are to be an attractive way to produce bio-diesel due to high photosynthetic yields and lipid accumulation in cells. This high productivity combined with possibility to uptake CO2 stimulated its utilization as a biological mitigation method of CO2, at once as an alternative renewable source of energy. Growth characteristics and chemical composition of micro-algae can be altered by culture environment. Nutrient sufficiency,included magnesium element (Mg2+) is important factors on overall biochemical composition. In study, Nannochloropsis sp was cultivated in Erlenmeyer 250 ml containing 200 ml f/2 medium. There are three groups of treatment with different levelof magnesium (Mg2+), i.e. 0 (M0); 0.1mgL-1 (M1); and 1.0 mgL-1 (M2). All treatment was designed triplicate in batch system. Culture was then aerated continuously with sterile atmospheric air (1.5 L.min-1). Cells were harvested on 25th day after inoculation and analyzed. Data showed that Chlorophyll-a increased linearly with time and maximum at 18th days of growth period, i.e. 23.57; 26.44; and 27.74mgL-1, for M0; M1; and M2,respectively. Chlorophyll-a content decreased significantly when pH dropped to 5-6.Enrichment with Mg2+ increased the chlorophyll-a content 12.2-17.7%. Dry cell reached 375-400mgL-1 in all treatment. Lipid content of Nannochloropsis sp in control (M0) is 55.3%, higher than M1 and M2. Saturated fatty acid tends to increase from 80.70 (M0)to 96.70 (M1) and 94.53% (M2). Fatty acid of M0 and M1 was composed dominantly by palmitic acid (C16:0), i.e. 49.19-70.75% total fatty acids. Meanwhile, M2 treatment was dominantly by lauric acid (C12:0), i.e. 32.98%

Introducing DASC-PM: A Data Science Process Model

Data-driven disciplines like data mining and knowledge management already provide process-based frameworks for data analysis projects, such as the well-known cross-industry standard process for data mining (CRISP-DM) or knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). Although the domain of data science addresses a much broader problem space, i.e., also considers economic, social, and ecological impacts of data-driven projects, a corresponding domain-specific process model is still missing. Consequently, based on a total of four identified meta requirements and 17 corresponding requirements that were collected from experts of theory and practice, this contribution proposes the empirically grounded data science process model (DASC-PM)—a framework that maps a data science project as a four-step process model and contextualizes it among scientific procedures, various areas of application, IT infrastructures, and impacts. To illustrate the phase-oriented specification capabilities of the DASCPM, we exemplarily present competence and role profiles for the analysis phase of a data science project

Zona Wisata Kawasan Wisata Alam Air Terjun Madakaripura, Kabupaten Probolinggo

Kabupaten Probolinggo memiliki keindahan wisata alam salah satunya berupa wisata air terjun. Wisata Alam Air Terjun Madakaripura termasuk dalam kawasan hutan lindung dan rawan bencana longsor sehingga pengembangannya membutuhkan pembagian zona wisata yang sesuai dengan karakteristik fisik kawasan wisata alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan zona wisata kawasan wisata alam Air Terjun Madakaripura, Kabupaten Probolinggo. Metode analisa yang digunakan dalam tahapannya adalah analisa Theoritical Deskriptif Kualitatif, teknik analisa Delphi dan analisa teknik Overlay. Hasil penelitian ini berupa zona wisata pada kawasan wisata alam Air Terjun Madakaripura, Kabupaten Probolinggo dengan melihat pada kondisi eksisting serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan kawasan wisata

The SSN ontology of the W3C semantic sensor network incubator group

The W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator group (the SSN-XG) produced an OWL 2 ontology to describe sensors and observations ? the SSN ontology, available at http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ssnx/ssn. The SSN ontology can describe sensors in terms of capabilities, measurement processes, observations and deployments. This article describes the SSN ontology. It further gives an example and describes the use of the ontology in recent research projects

Actin polymerization driven by WASH causes V-ATPase retrieval and vesicle neutralization before exocytosis

WASH coats mature lysosomes and is required for exocytosis of indigestible material